The reason it uses an installer is because it modifies the models based on your config and then has to re-compile them using studiomdl, which at the time did not ship on the Linux client, only the Windows one. No idea if that has changed. It also relies on the vpk tool to package itself, but I think that one does ship.
If you build a mod .vpk file using a Windows client, that .vpk can be brought to a Linux client and should work just fine.
The source code for my installer is on Github, and sloppy as it is, it should be pretty clear how to implement a Linux version (what steps are performed that you'd need to replicate) were you to do that, but without a Linux version of studiomdl you're gunna be pretty SOL.
Now that the Source 2013 SDK's TF2 branch itself is on Github you can likely build a studiomdl version for Linux and pre-package it.